Análisis de la condición física, composición corporal y somatotipo en deportistas colombianos / Analysis of the physical condition, body composition and somatotype in colombian athletes / Análise da condição física, composição corporal e somatotipo em atletas colombianos

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la condición física, composición corporal y el somatotipo en deportistas colombianos. Participaron 618 deportistas (Mujeres 25,89%), con edad de 14 a 22 años. Se tomaron medidas cinantropométricas y se realizaron pruebas de resistencia cardiovascular en tapiz rodante, salto squat jump y contramovimiento, flexibilidad sit and reach y abdominales en 1min. Los deportistas del grupo de deportes de marca y precisión obtuvieron el porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de masa ósea más altos, mientras el grupo de deportes de combate fue el índice de masa corporal, la capacidad aeróbica, la fuerza de resistencia abdominal y los saltos; en el grupo de deportes de pelota fue el porcentaje de recuperación, y en el grupo de tiempo y marca, sobresalió el porcentaje de masa muscular y la flexibilidad. El somatotipo predominante fue mesomórfico. Los resultados más altos en cada variable dependieron de la disciplina deportiva practicada.

The objective of this study was to determine the physical condition, body composition, and somatotype in Colombian athletes. 618 athletes participated (Women 25.89%), from 14 to 22 years old. Cynanthropometric measurements were taken, and cardiovascular endurance tests were performed on treadmill, as well as squat jumps and counter movements, the sit and reach flexibility test and the amount of sit ups in 1 min. The athletes in the brand and precision sports group had the highest percentage of fat and bone mass, while the combat sports group had the highest body mass index, aerobic capacity, abdominal resistance strength, and jumping; in the ball sports group the highest percentage was the recovery time; and in the time and brand group, the percentage of muscle mass and flexibility stood out. The predominant somatotype was mesomorphic. The highest results in each variable depended on the sports discipline they practiced.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a condição física, composição corporal e somatotipo em atletas colombianos. Participaram 618 atletas (Mulheres 25,89%), com idades entre 14 e 22 anos. Vinte medidas cineantropométricas foram realizadas e testes de resistência cardiovascular foram realizados em esteira, agachamento salto e contramovimento, sentar e alcançar flexibilidade e abdominais em 1 min. Atletas do grupo de esportes de marca e de precisão tiveram o maior percentual de gordura e massa óssea, enquanto o grupo de esportes de combate apresentou o maior índice de massa corporal, capacidade aeróbica, força de resistência abdominal e saltos; no grupo de esportes com bola foi o percentual de recuperação, e no grupo tempo e marca, o percentual de massa muscular e flexibilidade se destacaram. O somatotipo predominante foi o mesomórfico. Os maiores resultados em cada variável dependeram do esporte praticado.

Associação entre hipertensão arterial sistêmica e indicadores antropométricos em idosos do estudo brazuca / Association between systemic arterial hypertension and anthropometric indicators in the elderly in the brazuca study / Asociación entre hipertensión arterial sistémica y indicadores antropométricos en adultos mayores del estudio brazuca

Introdução:A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma doença crônica que acometea maior parte idosos brasileiros, sendo uma das principais causas de mortes prematuras e incapacidades funcionais que causam complicações cardiovasculares e cerebrais, as quais podem estar associadas a diversos fatores predisponentes como a obesidade.Objetivo:Avaliar a associação entre hipertensão arterial sistêmica e indicadores antropométricos em idosos do estudo BrazucaNatal.Metodologia: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 191 idosos do município Natal-RN. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, econômicos e antropométricos (peso, estatura, perímetro da cintura e perímetro do quadril) e cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal, Razão Cintura-Estatura e Razão Cintura Quadril. A hipertensão arterial foi auto referida. Os dados foram analisados pelo software SPSS versão 20.0. Teste t de Student foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre médias das variáveis de acordo com o sexo e presença de hipertensão arterial. A associação entre a presença da doença e as variáveisfoi realizadapela Regressão de Poisson, comas razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e seus intervalos de confiança (95%).Resultados:A maioria dos idosos eram do sexo feminino (55%), com média de idade 69,48 anos (DP=7,38) e índice de massa corporalde 28,46 (DP=5,25), 59,4% possuíamexcesso de peso e 60,1% hipertensão. Ao comparar os sexos, registramos maiores médias de índice de massa corporal, perímetro do quadrile relação cintura estaturanas mulheres (p<0,05). Observamos maiores médias de idadee indicadores antropométricos entre os idosos com hipertensão (p<0,05). Constatamos que a presença de hipertensão estava associada a perímetro da cintura e índice de massa corporal no modelo bruto, mantendo-se apenas o perímetro da cinturano modelo ajustado. Conclusões:Indicadores antropométricos de fácil aplicação e baixo custo como o perímetroda cintura podeser eficientes para a detecção precoce da hipertensão arterial em idosos (AU).

Introduction:SystemicArterial Hypertension is a chronic disease that affects most Brazilian older adults and is one of the main causes of premature deaths and functional disabilities that cause cardiovascular and brain complications. Obesityis among the several predisposing factorsassociatedwithhypertension. Objective:To evaluate the association between SAHand anthropometric indicators in older adultsof the Brazuca Natal study.Methodology: Cross-sectional population-based study with 191 older adults in the city of Natal-RN.Sociodemographic, economic and anthropometric data (weight, height, waist circumference,and hip circumference),Body Mass Index, Waist-Height Ratio and Waist-Hip Ratio were collected. Hypertension was self-reported. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 20.0. The Student's t-test was used to compare themeans of the variables according to sexand presence of hypertension. The association between the presence of the disease and the variables wasperformed by Poisson regression, with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and respectiveconfidence intervals (95%).Results:The majority of the elderly were female (55%), with a mean age of 69.48 years (SD = 7.38) andBody Mass Indexof 28.46 (SD = 5.25), 59.4% were overweight and 60.1% had hypertension. Mean Body Mass Index, hip circumference and Waist-Height Ratiovalues were higher in women (p<0.05). The age and anthropometric indicators values were higher among the older adults with hypertension (p<0.05). We found that the presence of hypertension was associated with body weight and Body Mass Index,in the crude model and only with body weight in the adjusted model. Conclusions:Anthropometric indicators of easy application and lowcost such as waist circumference can be efficient todetect hypertension in older adults (AU).

Introducción:La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una enfermedad crónica que afecta principalmente ancianos brasileños, siendo una de las principales causas de muertes prematuras ydiscapacidades funcionales que causan complicaciones cardiovasculares y cerebrales, las cuales pueden estar asociadas a diversos factores predisponentes como la obesidad. Objetivo:Evaluar la asociación entre la hipertensión arterial sistémica y los indicadores antropométricos en ancianos del estudio Brazuca Natal. Metodología:Estudio transversal de base poblacional con 191 ancianos del municipio Natal-RN. Se reconpilaron datos sociodemográficos, económicos y antropométricos (peso, estatura, perímetro de la cintura y perímetro de la cadera) y cálculo del Índice de Masa Corporal,Razón Cintura-Estatura y Razón Cintura Cadera. La hipertensión fue auto referida. Los datos fueron analizados por el software SPSSversión 20.0. Test t de Student fue realizado para evaluar las diferencias entre medias de las variables de acuerdo con el sexo y la presencia de hipertensión arterial. La asociación entre la presencia de la enfermedad y las variables fue realizada por la Regresión de Poisson, con las razones de prevalencia brutas y ayustadas y sus intervalos de confianza (95%). Resultados:La mayoría de los ancianos eran mujeres (55%), con una media de 69,48 años (DP= 7,38) y Índice de Masa Corporalde 28,46 (DP= 5,25), 59,4% poseían exceso de peso y 60,1% hipertensión. Observamos mayores medias de edady indicadores antropométricosentre los ancianos con hipertensión (p<0,05).Constatamos que la presencia de hipertensión estaba asociada al perímetro de la cinturae Índice de Masa Corporalen el modelo bruto, manteniendo solo el perímetro de la cinturaen el modelo ayustado. Conclusiones:Indicadores antropométricos de fácil aplicación y bajo costo como el perímetro de la cintura puede ser eficaz para la detección temprana de la hipertensión arterial en los ancianos (AU).

Modificación de Mulliken en la reparación de la fisura labial unilateral incompleta en Matanzas, 2016-2018 / Mulliken modification in the repair of incomplete unilateral cleft lip in Matanzas, 2016-2018

RESUMEN El impacto biológico, social, económico y psicológico que acarrea la fisura labial conlleva a aplicar nuevas modificaciones en la corrección quirúrgica de sus técnicas de tratamiento. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los resultados de la técnica quirúrgica de Rotación y Avance de Millard modificada por Mulliken en la corrección de la fisura labial unilateral incompleta en Matanzas. Se realizó un estudio de casos, longitudinal, prospectivo en el Hospital Docente Pediátrico «Eliseo Noel Caamaño¼ de Matanzas, entre 2016 y 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por menores de un año diagnosticados de fisura labial unilateral incompleta, que asistieron a la consulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial de dicho hospital, en el período en que se realizó la investigación y en los que para su tratamiento se empleó la técnica de Rotación y Avance de Millard modificada por Mulliken. Se trabajó con la totalidad del universo. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Los pacientes fueron intervenidos entre los 5 y 9 meses, predominó el color de piel blanca (75 %) y el sexo masculino (75 %). La altura labial y el ancho heminasal aumentaron más en el lado sano que en el fisurado. Al año de la intervención en el lado fisurado creció más el ancho transversal que en el sano en dos de los casos y también existió una diferencia mayor de 1 mm en la altura del bermellón. Se logró alcanzar simetría nasolabial en espejo del lado sano en todas las variables, excepto en la altura del bermellón en dos casos.

ABSTRACT The biological, social, economic and psychological impact caused by cleft lip leads to the application of new modifications in the surgical correction of its treatment techniques. The objective of this research was to evaluate the results of the Millard's rotation-advancement surgical technique modified by Mulliken in the correction of incomplete unilateral cleft lip in Matanzas. A longitudinal, prospective study was conducted at "Eliseo Noel Caamaño" Pediatric Teaching Hospital, in Matanzas between 2016 and 2018. The universe was made up of children under one year of age diagnosed with incomplete unilateral cleft lip, who come to the Maxillofacial Surgery consultation of this hospital, in the period in which the investigation was carried out and in whom, Millard 's rotation-advancement surgical technique modified by Mulliken was used for their treatment. We worked with the entire universe. Descriptive statistics was used. The patients underwent surgery between 5 and 9 months, white skin color (75%) and male gender (75%) predominated. Labial height and heminasal width increased more on the healthy side than on the cleft side. One year after the intervention, the transverse width grew more on the cleft side than on the healthy side in two of the cases, and there was also a difference greater than 1 mm in the vermilion height. Mirror-image nasolabial symmetry was achieved on the healthy side in all variables, except for vermilion height in two cases.

Cross-validation of 20 anthropometric prediction equations for appendicular muscle mass in older Brazilian women: a cross-sectional study / Validação cruzada de 20 equações antropométricas de massa muscular apendicular para idosas brasileiras: um estudo transversal

Objective: To test the cross-validation of anthropometric prediction equations for appendicular muscle mass (AMM) in older Brazilian women. Methods: Sixty-seven older women (69.84 ± 5.95 years old) underwent anthropometric measurements. AMM (kg) reference values obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (AMMDXA) were compared to 20 anthropometric equations for estimating AMM in older adults. A paired t-test (p > 0.05), standard error of estimate (SEE < 3.50 kg), and r2 > 0.70 confirmed the validity of the equations. The agreement between predictions and the reference was also verified (Bland-Altman analysis of agreement between methods). Results: Four American equations and one Mexican equation were not statistically different from AMMDXA (p > 0.05) but did not present suitable r2 values for validation. The American equation from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), AMM (kg) = (-0.04 × age [years]) + (0.46 × calf circumference [cm]) + (0.32 × arm circumference [cm]) + (0.11 × thigh circumference [cm]) ­ (0.27 × body mass index [BMI, kg/m2 ]) + (0.07 × waist circumference [cm]) ­ 13 119 showed the best performance (r2 = 0.64; SEE = 3.24 kg), with minimal mean difference (0.26 kg), no heteroscedasticity for extreme values, and with high agreement with the Brazilian sample (-3.90 to 3.40 kg). Conclusion: When specific equations for a given population are not available, the use of generic equations of greater sample representativeness with scientifically and reliably analyzed data is allowed.

Objetivo: Testar a validação cruzada das equações antropométricas preditivas da massa muscular apendicular (MMA) em idosas brasileiras. Metodologia: Sessenta e sete idosas (69,84 ± 5,95 anos) foram submetidas a medidas antropométricas. Os valores de referência da MMA (kg) fornecida pela absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia (MMADXA) foi comparada com 20 equações antropométricas preditivas para estimar a MMA para idosos. Teste t pareado (p > 0,05), erro padrão de estimativa (EPE) < 3,50 kg e r2 > 0,70 confirmaram a validade das equações. A concordância entre as previsões e a referência também foi verificada (análise de concordância entre métodos de Bland-Altman). Resultados: Quatro equações americanas e uma equação mexicana não foram estatisticamente diferentes da MMADXA (p > 0,05), mas nenhuma delas apresentou r2 adequado para validação. A equação americana dos dados do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), MMA (kg) = (-0,04 × idade [anos]) + (0,46 × circunferência da panturrilha [cm]) + (0,32 × circunferência do braço [cm]) + (0,11 × circunferência da coxa [cm]) ­ (0,27 × índice de massa corporal-IMC [kg/m2 ]) + (0,07 × circunferência da cintura [cm]) ­ 13,12 apresentou o melhor desempenho (r2 = 0,64; EPE = 3,24 kg): com diferença média mínima (0,26 kg), sem heterocedasticidade para valores extremos e alta concordância com a amostra brasileira (-3,90 a 3,40 kg). Conclusão: Quando não existem equações específicas para uma determinada população, é permitida a utilização de equações genéricas de maior representatividade amostral, cujos dados tenham sido analisados de forma científica e confiável

Niveles de actividad física e indicadores antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular en adultas mayores / Levels of physical activity and anthropometric indicators of cardiovascular risk in aged women

Introducción: A nivel mundial, la cifra de adultos mayores para el año 2030 será alrededor de 16,5 por ciento, llegando a ser alrededor de 21,5 por ciento para el año 2050. Actualmente en Colombia, la cifra de adultos mayores se encuentra en un 11 por ciento de la población total. La actividad física es una estrategia para mejorar la condición física funcional, calidad de vida, autonomía e independencia en adultos mayores. De igual manera, en esta población se incrementa el riesgo cardiovascular siendo mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de actividad física y valorar por medidas antropométricas el riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres mayores pertenecientes a Centros Vida de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 128 mujeres adultas mayores entre las edades de 60-85 años. Para determinar el nivel de actividad física se aplicó el Cuestionario Mundial de Actividad Física (GPAQ). Se valoró el riesgo cardiovascular por medio de mediciones antropométricas de talla, peso, IMC, porcentaje de grasa, perímetro de cintura, perímetro de cadera e índice de cintura/cadera. Resultados: El 89,84 por ciento de la población realiza actividad física de desplazamiento y el 48,43 por ciento realiza actividad física en tiempo libre. En indicadores antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular, se obtuvo un IMC de 28,05 (25,08-31,65) kg/m2, un 43,60 (40,20-46,55) de porcentaje de grasa y un índice de cintura/cadera de 0,89 (0,85-0,91). Conclusiones: Las mujeres adultas mayores presentan riesgo cardiovascular a pesar de realizar actividad física a intensidad moderada(AU)

Introduction: Worldwide, the number of aged adults by 2030 will be around 16.5 percent, becoming around 21.5 percent by 2050. Currently, in Colombia, the number of aged adults is at 11 percent of the total population. Physical activity is a strategy to improve functional physical condition, quality of life, autonomy and independence in aged adults. Similarly, in this population cardiovascular risk increases, being higher in women than in men. Objective: To determine the level of physical activity and assess cardiovascular risk by anthropometric measures in aged women from Centros Vida in Bucaramanga city. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 128 aged women, aging between 60-85 years. To determine the level of physical activity, the World Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was applied. Cardiovascular risk was assessed through anthropometric measurements of height, weight, BMI, percentage of fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist / hip ratio. Results: 89.84 percent of the population performs commuting physical activity and 48.43 percent performs free-time physical activity. In anthropometric indicators of cardiovascular risk, BMI of 28.05 (25.08-31.65) kg / m2, a 43.60 (40.20-46.55) percentage of fat and a waist index / hip of 0.89 (0.85-0.91). Conclusions: Aged women show cardiovascular risk despite being physical activity at moderate intensity(AU)

Asociación entre variables de adiposidad y la velocidad con cambios de dirección en jóvenes futbolistas / Association between adiposity variables and change of direction speed in young soccer players

Introducción: La identificación de variables antropométricas relacionadas con el rendimiento en un deporte representa un interés en común para los profesionales de la salud y el deporte. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del índice de masa corporal, la masa grasa y la masa libre de grasa en la velocidad con cambios de dirección en jóvenes futbolistas. Métodos: Se aplicó un estudio descriptivo de tipo correlacional con un enfoque cuantitativo y una muestra a conveniencia conformada por 21 futbolistas. Para valorar la velocidad con cambios de dirección se utilizó el Test de sprint 20 metros con cambios de dirección y el porcentaje de grasa corporal por medio de un monitor OMRON® BF-306. Los datos fueron analizados en el paquete estadístico PSPP en el cual se aplicó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y el coeficiente correlacional de Pearson (95 por ciento de confianza y un p-valor de 0,05). Resultados: Los resultados reflejaron una distribución normal (p > 0,05); sin embargo, no se obtuvieron relaciones significativas entre el índice de masa corporal (r = -0,29), masa grasa (r = -0,06) y masa libre de grasa (r = 0,06; p > 0,05) con el rendimiento en la prueba de velocidad con cambios de dirección. Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió establecer que no existe relación significativa entre el índice de masa corporal, masa grasa y masa libre de grasa con el rendimiento de la velocidad con cambios de dirección en jóvenes futbolistas(AU)

Introduction: Identification of anthropometric variables related to performance in a given sport is a common topic of interest to health and sports professionals. Objective: Determine the influence of body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass on change of direction speed in young soccer players. Methods: A correlational descriptive quantitative study was conducted of a convenience sample of 21 soccer players. Change of direction speed was measured with the Meters Swerve Sprint Test, whereas body fat percentage was evaluated with an OMRON® BF-306 monitor. The data were analyzed with the statistical package PSPP, with application of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Pearson's correlational coefficient (confidence interval 95 percent and p-value 0,05). Results: Results show a normal distribution (p > 0,05). However, a significant relationship was not found between body mass (r = -0,29), fat mass (r = -0,06) and fat-free mass (r = 0,06; p > 0,05), and performance in the swerve speed test. Conclusions: The study found that there is not a significant relationship between body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass, and change of direction speed in young soccer players(AU)

Nutritional status in children with cancer: comparison of deuterium oxide dilution with bioelectric impedance analysis and anthropometry / Estado nutricional em crianças com câncer: comparação entre diluição de deutério, impedância bioelétrica e antropometria

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore changes in the nutritional status of pediatric cancer patients before and after chemotherapy and evaluate the correlation between deuterium oxide dilution, bioelectric impedance analysis, and anthropometry for assessment of body composition. Methods: This study included 14 children (aged 5.6 to 13.6 years) and classified them as having hematologic or solid tumors. They had their body composition analyzed according to deuterium oxide, bioelectric impedance, and anthropometric measurements before the first chemotherapy cycle and after three and six months of therapy. Results: The patients in the hematologic tumor group had an increase in weight, height, body mass index, waist, hip, and arm circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness, and fat mass with the isotope dilution technique during chemotherapy. In the solid tumor group, the children showed a reduction in fat-free mass when assessed by bioimpedance analysis. We found a positive correlation between the triceps skinfold thickness and fat mass determined by bioimpedance analysis and deuterium oxide. The arm muscle circumference correlated with the fat-free mass estimated by bioimpedance analysis and deuterium oxide. Conclusions: Patients with hematologic tumors had an increase in body weight, height, and fat mass, which was not identified in the solid tumor group. The positive correlation between anthropometry (triceps skinfold thickness and arm muscle circumference), deuterium oxide dilution, and bioelectric impedance analysis shows the applicability of anthropometry in clinical practice.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar mudanças no estado nutricional de crianças com câncer antes e após o tratamento quimioterápico e avaliar a correlação entre diluição de óxido de deutério, análise de impedância bioelétrica (BIA) e dados antropométricos. Métodos: Quatorze crianças (entre 5,6 e 13,6 anos de idade) foram incluídas e classificadas como tendo tumores hematológicos ou sólidos. A composição corporal foi medida pelo óxido de deutério, impedância bioelétrica e medidas antropométricas antes da primeira quimioterapia e após três e seis meses de terapia. Resultados: Os pacientes do grupo de tumores hematológicos aumentaram o peso, a estatura, o índice de massa corporal, a circunferência da cintura, quadril e braço, dobra cutânea subescapular e a massa gorda com a técnica de diluição isotópica durante o tratamento quimioterápico. No grupo de tumores sólidos, as crianças mostraram uma redução na massa magra quando avaliadas por análise de impedância. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a dobra cutânea tricipital e a massa gorda determinadas pela análise de impedância e pelo óxido de deutério. A circunferência muscular do braço correlacionou-se com a massa magra estimada pela análise de impedância e pelo óxido de deutério. Conclusões: Pacientes com tumores hematológicos tiveram aumento no peso corporal, estatura e massa gorda, o que não foi observado naqueles com tumores sólidos. A boa correlação entre a antropometria (dobra cutânea tricipital e circunferência muscular do braço), a diluição do óxido de deutério e a análise da impedância bioelétrica mostra a aplicabilidade da antropometria na prática clínica.

Relationship between schoolchildrens levels of physical activity, anthropometric indices and pulmonary function / Relação entre níveis de atividade física, índices antropométricos e função pulmonar de escolares

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and to correlate levels of physical activity with the pulmonary function of children with and without a diagnosis of asthma. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases with schoolchildren aged between eight and 16 years old in Porto Alegre/RS. In the first phase (cross sectional), the sample was classified as asthmatic if a physician had ever diagnosed them with asthma and if they reported symptoms and treatment for the disease in the past 12 months. In the second phase (control-case), the following were measured: anthropometry, physical activity levels, time spent in front of screens, and lung function (spirometry). Data are presented in mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile interval and by absolute and relative values. Chi-square, Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation were applied, with p<0.05 being significant. Results: 605 students participated in the study, 290 children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and 315 classified as a control. 280 (47.3%) were male children, with an average age of 11.0±2.3 years old. The spirometric values showed differences in the classifications of airway obstruction levels between the asthma and control groups (p=0.005), as well as in the response to bronchodilator use for FEV1/FVC (p=0.023). In the correlation assessment, there was no correlation between physical activity with anthropometric values, nor with pulmonary function, pre-and post-bronchodilator. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that there is no relationship between either anthropometric values or physical activity levels with pulmonary function of asthmatic children.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar e correlacionar os níveis de atividade física com a função pulmonar de crianças com e sem diagnóstico de asma. Métodos: Estudo realizado em duas fases, em escolares de oito a 16 anos de Porto Alegre (RS). Na fase I (transversal), classificaram-se como asmáticos os escolares com diagnóstico positivo de um médico alguma vez na vida, com crises e tratamento para a doença nos últimos 12 meses. Na fase II (caso controle), foram avaliados: antropometria, níveis de atividade física e tempo gasto em frente às telas e função pulmonar (espirometria). Os dados são apresentados por média e desvio padrão ou mediana e intervalo interquartil e por valores absolutos e relativos, sendo aplicados os testes χ2, t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman, com valor de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 605 escolares, 290 crianças com diagnóstico clínico de asma e 315 classificadas como controle. Do total, 280 (47,3%) crianças eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 11,0±2,3 anos. Os valores espirométricos demonstraram diferenças nas classificações dos níveis de obstrução das vias aéreas entre grupos asma e controle (p=0,005), além da resposta ao uso de broncodilatador, para o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1)/capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (p=0,023). Não houve correlação entre a prática de atividades físicas e valores antropométricos, tampouco entre a função pulmonar e o pré e pós-uso de broncodilatador. Conclusões: O estudo demonstrou não existir relação entre valores antropométricos e níveis de atividade física com a função pulmonar de crianças asmáticas em idade escolar.

Proposta metodológica para avaliação da insegurança alimentar e nutricional - estudo Brazuca Natal / Methodological proposal for the assessment of food and nutrition insecurity - Brazuca Natal study

A complexidade conceitual da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) torna sua avaliação um desafio. Indicadores que incluam os componentes alimentar e nutricional e suas diferentes dimensões são necessários para complementar a dimensão do acesso medida pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA), principal instrumento utilizado no Brasil. A formulação de um indicador global é fundamental para o rastreamento dos indivíduos em situação de insegurança alimentar (IA), especialmente na vigilância alimentar e nutricional (VAN). Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os fatores associados à insegurança alimentar e nutricional (INSAN) e desenvolver uma proposta metodológica multidimensional para rastreamento (Vigi-INSAN). O Vigi-INSAN foi proposto a partir de um modelo preditivo da IA, com dados do Estudo Brazuca Natal, um estudo transversal, conduzido com 411 adultos e idosos domiciliados. Realizaram-se entrevistas domiciliares com aplicação de questionário eletrônico para obter dados demográficos, socioeconômicos, antropométricos (peso, altura, perímetros corporais), consumo alimentar (itens da escala de adesão ao guia alimentar para a população brasileira) e IA medida pela EBIA. A construção do Vigi-INSAN ocorreu em três etapas: 1- Organização da base teórica e seleção dos itens, a partir da análise bivariada; 2- Regressão múltipla de Poisson para selecionar as variáveis da proposta metodológica: as variáveis com p<0,20 foram incluídas no modelo e aquelas com p<0,05 permaneceram no modelo final; 3 ­ Análise dos pressupostos de ajuste com o Omnibus test e deviance, e, curva ROC para analisar a eficiência do modelo e definição do ponto de corte. Um recorte foi conduzido para identificar os fatores associados a IA na população idosa (n=191). Para tal, as razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas foram analisadas pela Regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de IA foi de 42,1% (37,4% - 46,9%). Mulheres (47,5%), adultos (48,2%) e pessoas de cor/raça não branca (52,7%) apresentaram IA significativamente maior. Após análise múltipla, o modelo preditivo foi composto por: presença de menores de 18 anos no domicílio (A) (RPaj=1,3; 1,1 ­ 1,6), renda familiar (B) (em quintis) (Q1: RPaj=5,4; 2,5 ­ 11,7; Q2: RPaj = 4,8; 2,2 ­ 10,5; Q3: RPaj = 3,8; 1,8 ­ 8,5; Q4 RPaj = 2,2; 1,0 ­ 5,1), tratamento inadequado da água de beber (C) (RP=1,3; 1,1 ­ 1,5), presença de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (D) (RP=1,3; 1,1 ­ 1,7), ausência do hábito de comer frutas no café da manhã (E) (RPaj = 1,7; 1,3 ­ 2,5), hábito de realizar refeições no sofá da sala ou na cama (F) (RPaj= 1,3; 1,1 ­ 1,6) e de pular pelo menos o almoço ou o jantar (G) (RPaj= 1,4; 1,2 ­ 1,7). A área sob a curva ROC indicou 83% de predição da INSAN. A pontuação atribuída para os itens foi: (A) = 0,3; (B): Q1=1,7; Q2=1,6; Q3=1,4; Q4=0,8; Q5=0; (C) = 0,2; (D) = 0,3; E= 0,6; (F) = 0,3; (G) = 0,3. Foi adotado o ponto de corte 2,3 (Kappa = 0,47; Sensibilidade=0,82; Especificidade = 0,67; VPP = 0,64; VPN = 0,83). Conclui-se que o Vigi-INSAN apresenta potencial para utilização na VAN, com alto poder preditivo da IA, a partir de indicadores multidimensionais dos componentes alimentar e nutricional da SAN (AU).

The conceptual complexity of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) makes its assessment a challenge. Indicators that include the food and nutritional components and their different dimensions are necessary to complement the dimension of access measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA in Portuguese), the main instrument used in Brazil. The formulation of a global indicator is essential for tracking individuals in food insecurity (FI) situation, especially in food and nutrition surveillance (FNS). Thus, the present study aimed to assess the factors associated with food and nutritional insecurity (FNI) and to develop a multidimensional methodological proposal for screening (Vigi-INSAN in Portuguese). VigiINSAN was proposed based on a predictive model of FI, with data from the Brazuca Natal Study, a cross-sectional study, conducted with 411 adults and elderly people living at home. Home interviews were conducted with the application of an electronic questionnaire to obtain demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric data (weight, height, body perimeters), food consumption (items on the scale of adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population) and FI measured by EBIA. The Vigi-INSAN construction occurred in three stages: 1- Organization of the theoretical basis and selection of items, based on bivariate analysis; 2- Multiple Poisson regression to select the variables of the methodological proposal: variables with p <0.20 were included in the model and those with p <0.05 remained in the final model; 3 - Analysis of the assumptions of adjustment with the Omnibus test and deviance, and, ROC curve to analyze the efficiency of the model and definition of the cutoff point. A cut was conducted to identify the factors associated with FI in the elderly population (n = 191). For this, the crude (PRc) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRaj) were analyzed using Poisson Regression. The prevalence of FI was 42.1% (37.4% - 46.9%). Women (47.5%), adults (48.2%) and people of non-white color / race (52.7%) had significantly higher FI. After multiple analysis, the predictive model was composed of: presence of children under 18 at home (A) (PRaj = 1.3; 1.1 - 1.6), family income (B) (in quintiles) (Q1: PRaj = 5.4; 2.5 - 11.7; Q2: PRaj = 4.8; 2.2 - 10.5; Q3: PRaj = 3.8; 1.8 - 8.5; Q4 PRaj = 2 , 2; 1.0 - 5.1), inadequate drinking water treatment (C) (PRaj = 1.3; 1.1 - 1.5), presence of chronic non-communicable diseases (D) (PRaj = 1.3; 1.1 - 1.7), absence of the habit of eating fruit for breakfast (E) (PRaj = 1.7; 1.3 - 2.5), habit of eating meals on the living room sofa or in bed (F) (RPaj = 1.3; 1.1 - 1.6) and skipping at least lunch or dinner (G) (PRaj = 1.4; 1.2 - 1.7). The area under the ROC curve indicated 83% of FNI prediction. The score assigned to the items was: (A) = 0.3; (B): Q1 = 1.7; Q2 = 1.6; Q3 = 1.4; Q4 = 0.8; Q5 = 0; (C) = 0.2; (D) = 0.3; E = 0.6; (F) = 0.3; (G) = 0.3. A cutoff point of 2.3 was adopted (Kappa = 0.47; Sensitivity = 0.82; Specificity = 0.67; PPV = 0.64; NPV = 0.83). It is concluded that Vigi-INSAN has potential for use in FNSV, with high predictive power of FI, based on multidimensional indicators of the food and nutritional components of FNS (AU).

Which anthropometric measures best identify excess weight in older adults? / Quais medidas antropométricas apresentam melhor desempenho para identificar excesso de peso em idosos?

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with excess weight in older adults according to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), as well as to measure the differences between the prevalences estimated by WC and WtHR in relation to BMI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 ­ 2017 with 549 older adults (72­102 years) from Campinas and Ermelino Matarazzo, two cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Excess weight was defined according to cut-off points established for older adults. Multiple Poisson regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The overweight/obesity prevalences were 47.36% (BMI), 61.38% (WC) and 65.57% (WtHR), being higher in women and in those with hypertension, diabetes, polypharmacy, and normal calf circumference. They were also higher in the youngest age strata (BMI and WC), in those with arthritis/rheumatism (BMI), and in those with slow gait (WtHR). The estimated overweight/obesity prevalences according to WC and WtHR were 29.00% and 38.00% higher, respectively, than BMI. In the multiple model, there was a higher prevalence of adiposity among diabetics and those with normal calf circumference. CONCLUSIONS: Measures of abdominal adiposity provided a better diagnosis of excess weight. We recommended that health professionals consider using WtHR in anthropometric assessment of older adults, especially regarding adiposity

OBJETIVOS: Estimar as prevalências e os fatores associados ao excesso de peso em idosos, segundo índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC) e razão cintura-estatura (RCE); mensurar as diferenças entre as prevalências estimadas pela CC e RCE, em relação ao IMC. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal com 549 idosos (72 ­ 102 anos), realizado em Campinas (SP) e Ermelino Matarazzo (SP) em 2016-17. A definição de excesso de peso baseou-se em pontos de corte propostos para idosos. Utilizou-se análise múltipla de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de excesso de peso atingiram 47,36% (IMC), 61,38% (CC) e 65,57% (RCE) e foram maiores nas mulheres, nos hipertensos, nos diabéticos, nos polimedicados e naqueles com circunferência da panturrilha (CP) adequada. Foram também superiores nos mais jovens (IMC e CC), naqueles com artrite/reumatismo (IMC) e com lentidão da marcha (RCE). A prevalência de excesso de peso estimada pela CC foi 29,00% maior e pela RCE 38,00% maior em relação ao IMC. No modelo múltiplo, observaram-se maiores prevalências de adiposidade nos diabéticos e nos idosos com CP adequada. CONCLUSÕES: As medidas de adiposidade abdominal melhor diagnosticaram o excesso de peso. Recomenda-se que profissionais da saúde considerem o uso da RCE para a avaliação antropométrica de idosos, especialmente de adiposidade.

Performance, metabolic, hemodynamic, and perceived exertion in the six-minute step test at different heights in a healthy population of different age groups

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to compare the performance, metabolic, hemodynamic, and perceived exertion during the 6-minute step test (6MST) conducted with different step heights in healthy subjects and also to compare the performance between different age groups for each step height. The association between age, body mass index, level of physical activity, and lower limb measurements with performance were also evaluated. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measures, physical performance, and cardiovascular stress were evaluated during a self-paced 6MST with different step heights in healthy subjects in the age group of 18-59. All the participants underwent three-step tests (15 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) on the same day, in a randomized order. Results: Forty participants (20 men and 20 women) performed the tests. The performance in the test for the highest step was significantly lower compared to the step with the lowest height (152 ± 24 vs. 173 ± 27 and 184 ± 33; p < 0,05). The estimated peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) increased by ∼2.5 mL.kg−1·min−1 with the increase in step height. Hemodynamic variables, such as percent of maximum heart rate (%HRmáx), and systolic blood pressure increased as the step height increased. There was a fair correlation between performance and the level of physical activity in the test with a step height of 15 cm and 20 cm. Conclusion: A higher step height caused greater cardiovascular stress, without exceeding the submaximal levels of the test, indicating that the 6MST can be used as an accurate instrument for evaluating aerobic capacity in healthy individuals.

Metabolic control and body composition of children and adolescents with phenylketonuria / Controle metabólico e composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico neonatal de fenilcetonúria

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize metabolic control and verify whether it has any relation with socioeconomic, demographic, and body composition variables in children and adolescents with phenylketonuria (PKU) diagnosed in the neonatal period. Methods: This cohort study collected retrospective data of 53 phenylketonuric children and adolescents. Data on family income, housing, and mother's age and schooling level were collected, and anthropometric measures of body composition and distribution were taken. All dosages of phenylalanine (Phe) from the last five years (2015-2019) were evaluated and classified regarding their adequacy (cutoffs: 0-12 years: 2-6 mg/dL; 12-19 years: 2-10 mg/dL). Adequate metabolic control was considered if ≥7%) of the dosages were within desired ranges. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) age in the last year was 10.1±4.6 years. Most of them were under 12 years old (33/53; 62.3%) and had the classic form of the disease (39/53; 73.6%). Better metabolic control was observed among adolescents (68.4 versus 51.4%; p=0.019). Overweight was found in 9/53 (17%) and higher serum Phe levels (p<0.001) were found in this group of patients. Metabolic control with 70% or more Phe level adequacy decreased along with the arm muscle area (AMA) (ptendency=0.042), being 70.0% among those with low reserve (low AMA), and 18.5% among those with excessive reserve (high AMA). Conclusions: Adequate metabolic control was observed in most patients. The findings suggest that, in this sample, the levels of phenylalanine may be related to changes in body composition.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar o controle metabólico e verificar se existe relação entre ele, variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com fenilcetonúria (FNC) diagnosticada no período neonatal. Métodos: Coorte com coleta retrospectiva de dados de 53 crianças e adolescentes fenilcetonúricos. Foram coletados dados de renda familiar, moradia, idade e escolaridade materna e realizaram-se medidas antropométricas de composição e distribuição corporal. Todas as dosagens de fenilalanina (Fal) dos últimos cinco anos (2015-2019) foram avaliadas e classificadas quanto à adequação (cortes: 0-12 anos: 2-6 mg/dL; 12-19 anos: 2-10 mg/dL). A proporção de dosagens adequadas ≥70% foi considerada como controle metabólico adequado. Resultados: A média (±desvio padrão) de idade, no último ano, foi de 10,1±4,6 anos. A maioria tinha menos de 12 anos (33/53; 62,3%) e apresentava a forma clássica da doença (39/53; 73,6%). Observou-se melhor controle metabólico entre os adolescentes (68,4 vs. 51,4%; p=0,019). Excesso de peso foi encontrado em 9/53 (17%) e maiores níveis séricos de Fal foram descritos nesse grupo (p<0,001). O percentual de controle metabólico com 70% ou mais de adequação dos níveis de Fal foi decrescente de acordo com a área muscular do braço (AMB; ptendência=0,042), sendo de 70% entre os de baixa reserva (AMB reduzida) e de 18,5% entre os com excesso (AMB elevada). Conclusões: Observou-se controle metabólico adequado na maioria dos avaliados e os achados sugerem que, nesta amostra, os níveis de fenilalanina podem estar relacionados com alterações da composição corporal.

Anthropometric and dietary assessment of patients with glycogenosis type i / Avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipo i

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform anthropometric and dietary evaluation of patients with glycogenosis type Ia and Ib. Methods: This cross-sectional study is composed of a sample of 11 patients with glycogenosis divided into two subgroups according to the classification of glycogenosis (type Ia=5 and type Ib=6), aged between 4 and 20 years. The analyzed anthropometric variables were weight, height, body mass index, and measures of lean and fat body mass, which were compared with reference values. For dietary assessment, a food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy and macronutrients intake as well as the amount of raw cornstarch consumed. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: Patients ingested raw cornstarch in the amount of 0.49 to 1.34 g/kg/dose at a frequency of six times a day, which is lower than recommended (1.75-2.50 g/kg/dose, four times a day). The amount of energy intake was, on average, 50% higher than energy requirements; however, carbohydrate intake was below the adequacy percentage in 5/11 patients. Short stature was found in 4/10 patients; obesity, in 3/11; and muscle mass deficit, in 7/11. There were no statistical differences between the subgroups. Conclusions: In patients with glycogenosis type I, there was deficit in growth and muscle mass, but no differences were found between the subgroups (Ia and Ib). Although the diet did not exceed the adequacy of carbohydrates, about 1/3 of the patients presented obesity, probably due to higher energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipos Ia e Ib. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto de uma amostra de 11 pacientes com glicogenose divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a classificação da glicogenose (tipo Ia=5; tipo Ib=6), com idades entre 4 e 20 anos. As variáveis antropométricas analisadas foram peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e medidas de massa magra e gorda, que foram comparadas com valores de referência. Para avaliação dietética, foi utilizado um questionário de frequência alimentar para cálculo de ingestão de energia e macronutrientes, além da quantidade de amido cru ingerida. Realizaram-se testes U de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes ingeriram amido cru na quantidade de 0,49 a 1,34 g/kg/dose na frequência de seis vezes ao dia, inferior à dosagem preconizada (1,75-2,50 g/kg/dose quatro vezes ao dia). A quantidade de energia consumida foi, em média, 50% a mais que as necessidades, contudo o consumo de carboidratos foi abaixo da porcentagem de adequação em 5/11 pacientes. Baixa estatura ocorreu em 4/10 pacientes, obesidade em 3/11 e déficit de massa muscular em 7/11. Não houve diferença estatística entre os subgrupos. Conclusões: Em pacientes com glicogenose tipo I, houve déficit de crescimento e de massa muscular, mas não diferença significante entre os subgrupos (Ia e Ib). Embora a dieta não tenha ultrapassado a adequação de carboidratos, 1/3 dos pacientes apresentou obesidade, provavelmente pela maior ingestão de energia.

Responsiveness of upper limb scales and trunk control for the evolution of patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy / Responsividade de escalas de membro superior e controle de tronco na evolução de pacientes com distrofia muscular de duchenne

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the interval of responsiveness to the scales Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo-BR), Performance of Upper Limbs (PUL), and Jebsen Taylor Test (JTT) in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Methods: We assessed patients with DMD aged 6 to 19 years old and with mini-mental (MMSE) score above 10 points. The assessments were performed individually, in a single session. The upper limb function was performed by PUL and JTT, and trunk control by SATCo-BR. Assessments were repeated six and 12 months after the initial assessment. The repeated-measures analysis of variance model and Bonferroni's multiple comparison method were employed as post hoc analysis; when the ANOVA assumptions were not met, the Friedman test was applied. Results: The sample consisted of 28 patients evaluated in three moments (initial, and six and 12 months after the beginning). There was a time effect for the Upper Limb function performance in the total JTT, and for the subtests, except for subtests 1 and 6, which did not show a difference between the different moments. There was also a time effect for the score of total PUL, proximal PUL, intermediate PUL, and distal PUL. In the SATCo-BR, this effect was observed between the initial and 6 months, and between the initial and 12 months. Conclusions: The JTT, PUL, and SATCo-BR scales can detect changes over time, and they showed responsiveness to detect the evolution of the disease in the 6-month interval.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o intervalo de tempo para a responsividade das escalas Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo-BR), Performance of Upper Limb (PUL) e o Teste de Função Manual de Jebsen Taylor (TJT) em pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). Métodos: Foram avaliados pacientes com DMD nas idades entre 6 e 19 anos, e com escore do Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) a partir de 10 pontos. As avaliações foram realizadas individualmente, em uma única sessão: a função de membro superior (MS) ocorreu pela PUL e TJT; e da do controle de tronco, pela SATCo-BR. As avaliações foram repetidas após seis e 12 meses da avaliação inicial. Foi empregado o modelo de análise de variância com medidas repetidas e o método de comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni, como análise post hoc; quando os pressupostos da ANOVA não foram atendidos, foi aplicado o teste de Friedman. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 28 pacientes avaliados em três momentos (inicial, após seis meses e após 12 meses). Houve efeito do tempo no desempenho da função Membro Superior no TJT total e nos subtestes, exceto nos subtestes 1 e 6, que não apresentaram diferença nas avaliações entre os diferentes momentos. Houve efeito do tempo para o escore da PUL total, PUL proximal, PUL intermediário e PUL distal. No SATCo-BR, esse efeito foi entre o inicial e após seis meses, e entre o inicial e após 12 meses. Conclusões: As escalas TJT, PUL e SATCo-BR são capazes de detectar alterações ao longo do tempo, e apresentam responsividade para detectar a evolução da doença em intervalo de 6 meses.

Associations between new and old anthropometric indices with type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of metabolic complications: a cross-sectional analytical study / Associação de índices antropométricos novos e antigos com diabetes melito tipo 2 e risco de complicações metabólicas: um estudo analítico de corte transversal

Abstract Background Obesity can increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and complications associated with it. Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the associations between new and old anthropometric indices and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its metabolic complications. Methods In this cross-sectional analytical study, 110 T2DM subjects and 110 healthy controls were selected by convenience sampling. Metabolic factors were evaluated including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), glycemic status, lipid profile, blood pressure, kidney indices, new anthropometric indices (abdominal volume index [AVI], body shape index [ABSI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], body adiposity index [BAI], and conicity index [CI]), and old anthropometric indices (weight, body mass index [BMI], and waist and hip circumference [WC and HC]). Results Significant positive correlations were observed between AVI, LAP, and BAI and fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in the T2DM group (p < 0.001 for all associations). The odds ratio (OR) for T2DM elevated significantly with increasing BMI (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.20-1.42), LAP (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), and BAI (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.43). The indices AVI (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.57-2.29), LAP (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), BAI (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12-1.26), WC (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.42), and HC (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14) significantly increased the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Conclusions Associations were identified between obesity indices and diabetes. These indices could be used in clinical practice for evaluation and control of T2DM.

Resumo Contexto A obesidade pode aumentar o risco de diabetes melito e complicações associadas. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação de índices antropométricos novos e antigos com o risco de diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) e suas complicações metabólicas. Métodos Neste estudo analítico transversal, 110 indivíduos com DM2 e 110 controles saudáveis foram selecionados por amostragem de conveniência. Foram avaliados os fatores metabólicos, incluindo índice aterogênico plasmático, estado glicêmico, perfil lipídico, pressão arterial, índices renais, índices antropométricos novos [índice de volume abdominal (AVI), índice de formato corporal (ABSI), produto de acumulação lipídica (LAP), índice de adiposidade corporal (BAI) e índice de conicidade (CI)] e índices antropométricos antigos [peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência de cintura e quadril]. Resultados Foi observada uma correlação positiva significativa de AVI, LAP e BAI com glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada no grupo DM2 (p para todos < 0,001). A odds ratio (OR) do grupo DM2 foi significativamente elevada com aumento de IMC [OR: 1,30, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,20-1,42], LAP (OR: 1,20, IC95%: 1,13-1,27) e BAI (OR: 1,32, IC95%: 1,21-1,43). Os índices AVI (OR: 1,90, IC95%: 1,57-2,29), LAP (OR: 1,19, IC95%: 1,13-1,27), BAI (OR: 1,19, IC95%: 1,12-1,26), WC (OR: 1,29, IC95%: 1,18-1,42) e HC (OR: 1,07, IC95%: 1,01-1,14) aumentaram significativamente o risco de síndrome metabólica. Conclusões Foi reconhecida uma associação entre índices de obesidade e diabetes. Esses índices podem ser usados na prática clínica para avaliação e controle do DM2.

Relación entre la dimensión vertical oclusal y la longitud lineal del pabellón auricular / Relationship between occlusal vertical dimension and linear ear length

Resumen Introducción: La dimensión vertical oclusal en algunos casos se altera y para predecirla se suelen utilizar métodos, tanto subjetivos como objetivos y entre los que se encuentran los antropométricos. Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre la longitud lineal del pabellón auricular y la dimensión vertical en jóvenes dentados. Métodos: Se evaluaron 47 estudiantes a nivel de la longitud vertical del pabellón auricular (punto más superior al punto más inferior del lóbulo de la oreja), medición del canto exterior del agujero ocular al tragus y la dimensión vertical oclusal (situados en el punto subnasal y en el borde más prominente del mentón). Todas las mediciones se hicieron con un calibrador digital. Resultados: La dimensión vertical oclusal promedio fue de 65,68 ± 4,14 mm. La distancia promedio entre el canto externo del ojo al tragus derecho fue de 67 ± 3,52mm (correlación de r = 0,776; p < 0,01) mientras que en el lado izquierdo fue de 66,95 ± 3,98 mm (correlación de r = 0,733; p < 0,01). La distancia de la longitud del pabellón auricular en el lado derecho fue de 64,74 ± 4,47mm (correlación de r = 0,643; p < 0,01) mientras que en el lado izquierdo fue de 64,84 ± 4,46 mm (correlación de r = 0,657; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Las medidas antropométricas de la longitud lineal del pabellón auricular derecho e izquierdo se correlacionó con la dimensión vertical oclusal así como la medición entre el canto externo del ojo al tragus también se correlación con la dimensión vertical oclusal(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: When occlusal vertical dimension becomes altered, as is sometimes the case, use should be made of subjective and objective methods, including those based on an anthropometric approach. Objective: Evaluate the correlation between linear ear length and vertical dimension in dentate young subjects. Methods: A total 47 students were evaluated for linear vertical ear length (from the highest to the lowest end of the earlobe), and measurements were taken from the outer edge of the ocular hole to the tragus and the vertical occlusal dimension (located at the subnasal point and the most prominent edge of the chin). All measurements were taken with a digital caliper. Results: Average vertical occlusal dimension was 65.68 ± 4.14 mm. Average distance from the outer edge of the eye to the right tragus was 67 ± 3.52 mm (r correlation = 0.776; p < 0.01), whereas on the left side it was 66.95 ± 3.98 mm (r correlation = 0.733; p < 0.01). Ear length distance was 64.74 ± 4.47 mm on the right side (r correlation = 0.643; p < 0.01) and 64.84 ± 4.46 mm on the left side (r correlation = 0.657; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Right and left linear ear length anthropometric measurements correlated with vertical occlusal dimension. The distance from the outer edge of the eye to the tragus also correlated with the vertical occlusal dimension(AU)

Validation of a novel equation to predict lower-limb muscle mass in young soccer players: a brief communication / Validación de una nueva ecuación para predecir la masa muscular de los miembros inferiores en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol: una comunicación breve

Lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass is a key body composition trait related to health and performance. Considering the relevance of lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass in soccer players, the assessment and monitoring of this variable with a low-cost tool would be of great value in order to improve performance through training and nutritional interventions. This study aimed to develop a multiple regression model in order to validate, through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, a novel equation to predict lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass in young soccer players using anthropometric variables. Forty-two soccer players of the Chilean National Team (age, 17.1±1.3 years; body mass, 70.0±6.8 kg; height, 175.0±6.6 cm) underwent anthropometrically and body composition assessments. Forward stepwise linear regression was used to develop the equation to estimate the lower-limb appendicular muscle mass. The estimated results were compared with measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The best predictor model to estimate lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass was (kg): (-21.268 + (0.087*height) - (0.853*middle thigh circumference) - (0.329*middle thigh skinfold) + (1.136*corrected middle thigh circumference) + (0.306*calf circumference)) (R2= 0.83). The lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass estimated by the equation and measured by DXA were similar (14.71±1.72 kg vs 14.76±1.89 kg, respectively), and have a good concordance according to Bland-Altman method (mean difference: 0.049 kg; 95 % IC: -1.481 to 1.578 kg) and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (0.91; 95 % CI: 0.85 - 0.96) methods. In conclusion, the predictive equation is a valid, easy to calculate, and a low-cost tool to predict lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass in young soccer players.

La masa muscular de los miembros inferiores es un factor antropométrico clave relacionado a la salud y el rendimiento deportivo. Considerando la relevancia de este factor en jugadores de fútbol, la medición y monitoreo de esta variable a través de herramientas prácticas de bajo costo puede ser de gran utilidad para lograr objetivos relacionados a mejorar el rendimiento a través del entrenamiento e intervenciones nutricionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de regresión lineal con el objetivo de validar una nueva ecuación predictiva de la masa muscular de miembros inferiores en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol. Cuarenta y dos jugadores jóvenes de fútbol pertenecientes a la Selección Nacional Chilena (17,1±1,3 años; 70,0±6,8 kg; 175,0±6,6 cm) fueron sometidos a evaluaciones antropométricas y de composición corporal. La regresión lineal de pasos hacia adelante fue utilizada para desarrollar la ecuación para estimar la masa muscular de miembros inferiores. Los resultados estimados fueron comparados con medición de absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DEXA). El mejor modelo predictor de masa muscular de miembros inferiores (kg) fue: (-21,268 + (0,087*talla) - (0,853*circunferencia de muslo medio) - (0,329*pliegue de muslo medio) + (1,136*circunferencia de muslo medio corregida) + (0,306*circunferencia de pantorrilla)) (R2= 0,83). La masa muscular estimada por la ecuación y la medida por DEXA fue similar (14,71±1,72 kg vs 14,76±1,89 kg, respectivamente), y tuvo una buena concordancia acorde al método Bland-Altman (diferencia promedio: 0,049 kg; 95 % IC: -1,481 to 1,578 kg) y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin (0,91; 95 % CI: 0,85 - 0,96). En conclusión, la ecuación predictiva desarrollada en este estudio es una herramienta válida, fácil de calcular y de bajo costo que permite estimar la masa muscular de miembros inferiores en futbolistas jóvenes.

Concordance in prediction body fat percentage of Brazilian women in reproductive age between different methods of evaluation of skinfolds thickness

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the utility of bioimpedance (BIA) and skinfolds thickness (SF) in body fat percentage measuring (%BF) compared to the reference method dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in Brazilian reproductive age women, as well as to estimate of inter- and intra-observer precision for SF. Subjects and methods 170 women aged 18-37 years with BMI between 18 and 39.9 kg/m2 were selected for this cross-sectional study. Body density was evaluated through equations proposed by Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980) (EqJPW) and Petroski (1995) (EqPET), and %BF was estimated by BIA, DXA and Siri's formula (1961). The SF were measured by two separate observers: A and B (to determine inter-observer variability), who measured the folds at three times with 10-minute interval between them (to determine intra-observer variability - we used only observer A). Results The %BF by DXA was higher than those measured by SF and BIA (p<0.01, for all) of 90 volunteers. The Lin coefficient of agreement was considered satisfactory for %BF values obtained by EqJPW and BIA (0.55) and moderate (0.76) for sum of SF (ΣSF) values obtained by EqJPW and EqPET. No agreement was observed for the values obtained by SF (EqJPW and EqPET), BIA and DXA. Analysis of inter- and intra-observer of 59 volunteers showed that different measures of SF thickness met acceptability standards, as well as the % BF. Conclusion BIA and SF measurements may underestimate %BF compared with DXA. In addition, BIA and SF measurements are not interchangeable with DXA. However, our results suggest the equation proposed by Jackson, Pollock and Ward (three skinfolds) compared to BIA are interchangeable to quantify the %BF in Brazilian women in reproductive age. Furthermore, our results show acceptable accuracy for intra- and inter-observer skinfold measurements. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):257-68

Zinc sérico en escolares / Serum Zinc in school children

Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa fundamental en el desarrollo y crecimiento del ser humano, época donde el cerebro se desarrolla a la máxima velocidad. La alimentación, uno de los principales condicionantes del desarrollo y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre otros, son responsables de daños funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de zinc sérico en escolares y comparar resultados con estudios en la misma población de países latinos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo y comparativo en 116 niños escolares entre 7 a 12 años de edad, de la escuela básica primaria, del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica, clínica y bioquímica. Resultados: Mayor frecuencia de niñas (52,6 por ciento) edad promedio de 8 años y 9 meses y de 8 años y 5 meses para los niños; peso promedio de 25,21 kg y talla de 124,49 cm para las niñas, y peso promedio 25,07 kg y talla de 125,75 cm para los niños. Se encontró una concentración promedio de zinc en los niños de 0,49 µg/mL, y en las niñas de 0,50 µg/mL. La mayoría de los resultados de cuatro países latinos revelaron que el promedio de zinc sérico estuvo entre 0,32 y 95,2 µg/dL. Conclusión: Los niños mostraron concentraciones de zinc séricos por debajo de los valores promedios establecidos. Es necesario implementar estrategias alimentarias para mejorar el estado nutricional del zinc en las poblaciones pediátricas en países de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Early childhood is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the human being; it is the time where the brain develops at maximum speed. Feeding, one of the main determining factors of development and micronutrient deficiencies, among others, are responsible for functional damage. Objective: To determine the concentration of serum zinc in school children and to compare results with studies in the same population of different Latin American countries. Methods: Prospective descriptive and comparative study in 116 school children between 7 to 12 years old of the Basic Primary school in Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anthropometric clinical and biochemical assessment was performed. Results: Higher frequency in girls (52.6 percent) of average age 8 years and 9 months, and 8 years and 5 months for boys; average weight of 25.21 kg and height of 124.49 cm for girls, and average weight of 25.07 kg and height of 125.75 cm for boys. It was found an average concentration of zinc of 0.49 µg/mL in boys, and of 0.50 µg/mL in girls. Most of the results of four Latin American countries revealed that the average serum zinc was between 0.32 and 95.2 µg/dL. Conclusion: Children showed serum zinc concentrations below the mean values set. It is necessary to implement food strategies to improve the nutritional status of zinc in pediatric populations of Latin American countries(AU)